Nursing is Inquiry in Practice:
Nursing Theories and Theorists I:
Traditional Theories
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Overview
“Nursing theories mirror different realities. Throughout their development, they
reflected the nursing interests of the time, the sociocultural context, and the
theorists' educational and experiential backgrounds. When we consider all the
theories together and hold them up to the realities of nursing practice, a number
of other images are then formulated. They reflect some realities of nursing at the
time of development, and they are helping to shape the realities of our time.”
(Meleis, 1991, p. 249). |
Meleis (1991) used the metaphor of a JOURNEY with a past, a present, and a future to capture the ever evolving nature of theory generation. Patterns of nursing inquiry and knowledge can be mapped and presented as models, diagrams, and taxonomies and applied in discussion, explanations, and in choosing the theories to apply in practice to create evidence based practice.
Nursing has an eclectic and developing history of theory creation which reflects where nursing has been, where it currently is situated now, and where experts and scholars predict it is going in the future. Nursing theories reflect three kinds of epistemologies: the empirical or analytical; the phenomenological or hermeneutic; and the paradoxical or mandalic modes of inquiry and theory building and analysis.
Ends In View
This learning activity is intended to provide learners with the opportunity to:
1. Understand the premises of the traditional nursing theories based on Needs, Interaction and/or Outcome nursing models.
2. Recognize the significance of context and perception in the formulation of each nursing theory.
3.Begin to classify and analyse traditional nursing theories for theoretical soundness.
4. Discuss the nursing roles and responsibilities suggested by each of the traditional nursing theories analysed.
In Preparation
1.EXPLORE: the Nursing Theorists Website by Judy Norris (University of San Diego)
Notice the similarities and the differences of the various Nursing Theories.
Pay particular attention to the more traditional theorists, such as
- Virginia Henderson
- Sister Callista Roy
- Dorothea Orem
- Imogene King.
2.READ: Fawcett, J. (2002). The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates – Callistra Roy. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(4), October, 308 – 330.
3.READ: Fawcett, J. (2001). The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates – Dorothea E. Orem. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14 (1), January, 34 - 38.
4.READ: Fawcett, J. (2001). The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates – Imogene M. King. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14 (4), October, 311 - 315.
5. READ: Halloran, E. (1996). Virginia Henderson and her timeless writings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 17-24.
In Practice
1. In class, explore the four featured traditional nursing theories, keeping in mind that these constructs reflect the therapeutic milieu of the times in which they were created and incorporated into nursing education and practice.
2. What are the key concepts that traditional (and contemporary) nursing theories all focus on?
3. How can you apply the criteria of clarity, consistency, adequacy, and logical development to the examination of theory? Participate in class activity to try this with selected nursing theories.
4. Make a concept map to reflect the essence of three traditional nursing theories. Join in class discussion to discern the unique differences and the similarities between these four theories.
5. Is there anything “missing” in the traditional nursing theories discussed? Identify some ideas.
In Reflection
1. How does creating a vision of nursing influence practice and theory development?
2. What concepts would YOU include in a nursing theory? Why?
References
Fawcett, J. (2001). The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates – Dorothea E. Orem. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14 (1), January, 34 - 38.
Fawcett, J. (2001). The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates – Imogene M. King. Nursing Science Quarterly, 14 (4), October, 311 - 315.
Fawcett, J. (2002). The Nurse Theorists: 21st-Century Updates – Callistra Roy. Nursing Science Quarterly, 15(4), October, 308 – 330.
Halloran, E. (1996). Virginia Henderson and her timeless writings. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 23, 17-24.
Leddy, S. & Pepper, J. M. (1998). Nursing Models and Theories. Conceptual Bases of Professional Nursing, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, pg. 165 to 181.
Meleis, A. (1991). Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, pg. 242.
Norris, J. Nursing Theorists Website. University of San Diego
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L. ACTIVITY RESOURCES
Worksheet
Powerpoint
Powerpoint as PDF
Roy Adaptation Model
Literature Reviews(PPT)
My Literature Review Tips
The Literature Review: A Few Tips on Conducting It
WEB MANUAL
Final Webpage Guidelines
The course Web design manual can be accessed from this page.
RESOURCES FOR ASSIGNMENTS
Downloading Files
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